Ecological Implications on Aquatic Food Webs Due to Effects of Pesticides on Invertebrate Predators in a Neotropical Region.

Predation presents specific behavioral characteristics for each species, and the interaction between prey and predator influences the structuring of the food web. Concerning insects, predation can be affected in different ways, such as exposure to chemical stressors, e.g., pesticides. Therefore, analyses were carried out of the effects of exposure to insecticide fipronil and the herbicide 2,4-D on predation, parameters of food selectivity, and the swimming behavior of two neotropical predatory aquatic insects of the families Belostomatidae (giant water bugs) and larvae of Libellulidae (dragonfly). These predatory insects were exposed for 24 h to a commercial formulation of the chlorophenoxy herbicide, 2,4-D at nominal concentrations of 200, 300, 700, and 1400 µg L-1, and to a commercial formulation of the phenylpyrazole insecticide, fipronil at nominal concentrations of 10, 70, 140, and 250 µg L-1. In a control treatment, the insects were placed in clean, unspiked water. At the end of the exposure, the maximum swimming speed of the predators was evaluated. Afterward, the predators were placed in clean water in a shared environment for 24 h with several prey species, including the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, larvae of the insect Chironomus sancticaroli, the amphipod Hyalella meinerti, the ostracod Strandesia trispinosa, and the oligochaete Allonais inaequalis for 24 h. After this period, the consumed prey was counted. The results reveal that predators from both families changed prey consumption compared with organisms from the control treatment, marked by a decrease after exposure to fipronil and an increase in consumption caused by 2,4-D. In addition, there were changes in the food preferences of both predators, especially when exposed to the insecticide. Exposure to fipronil decreased the swimming speed of Belostomatidae individuals, possibly due to its neurotoxic effect. Exposure to the insecticide and the herbicide altered prey intake by predators, which could negatively influence the complex prey-predator relationship and the functioning of aquatic ecosystems in contaminated areas.

The influence of black spot disease on the relative condition factor of Astyanax paranae Eigenmann, 1914 (Characiformes: Characidae) in Brazilian subtropical streams

Environmental disturbances and their consequences require constant studies to understand how communities and their ecological relationships respond to these processes. Through analysis of the host-parasite relationships, it is observed that the effect of these disturbances is variable and can change the physiology or behavior of organisms. Black spot disease, caused by endoparasitic helminths, is a pathology observed in natural environments, however, there is not much information about the consequences of this infestation. We separated the specimens from each stream into parasitized and non-parasitized groups, which were subjected to biometric analysis. The biometrics involved cysts count and weight-length measures, which were used to analyze the average relative condition factor. Additionally, we correlate these measures with the parasitic burden of infected individuals. Finally, the parasitized individuals were submitted to histological sections to recognize the parasite. The results demonstrate a low physiological condition in the parasitized group, when compared with non-parasitized groups from the same stream and from different streams. This suggests that pollution, in addition to effects of infestation worsen the fish condition. Besides, the parasite burden was negatively correlated with the condition factor, weight and length measures. We conclude that the parasite burden negatively affects Astyanax paranae individuals´ physiological condition and that trematodes also occur in polluted environments.

Freshwater neotropical oligochaetes as native test species for the toxicity evaluation of cadmium, mercury and their mixtures.

The toxicity of metals, whether isolated or in mixtures, involves changes in biochemical processes as well as in cell membranes, which may lead to deleterious short- and long-term effects on the affected organisms. Among metals, cadmium and mercury stand out due to their abundance in nature, frequent use for industrial activities and biological accumulation, with high levels of residence in trophic chains. Benthic communities are particularly prone to metal pollution since metals usually accumulate in sediments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute toxicity of mercury and cadmium, single and in mixture, to two native species of epibenthic oligochaetes: Allonais inaequalis and Dero furcatus. In order to assess the potential of these species as bioindicators, we compared their sensitivity with those of other internationally used species by applying the species sensitivity distribution approach. The 96h-LC50 of cadmium chloride was 627 and 364 µg L-1 for A. inaequalis and D. furcatus, respectively, evidencing that the latter species is almost twice as sensitive to this metal than A. inaequalis. For mercury chloride, the 96h-LC50 was 129 µg L-1 for A. inaequalis and 92 µg L-1 for D. furcatus. The sensitivities of these oligochaetes were superior or similar to that of other frequently used oligochaete test species such as Tubifex tubifex and Lumbriculus variegatus. The metal mixtures had synergism in general (D. furcatus) or at high doses only (A. inaequalis), implying a potentiation of their toxic effects when both metals co-occur in the environment. By comparing the derived toxicity values with concentrations of cadmium and mercury measured in the field, it can be concluded that aquatic organisms are likely to be at risk when exposed to the environmental relevant concentrations of cadmium and mercury here tested, especially when they are both present.

TAXAS DE FILTRAÇÃO E INGESTÃO DE UMA MICROALGA POR Philodina roseola (Rotifera: Bdelloidea) / Rates of Filtration and Ingestion of a Microalga by Philodina roseola (Rotifera: Bdelloidea) / Tasas de filtración e ingestión de una microalga por Philodina roseola (Rotifera: Bdelloidea)

Rotíferos possuem um importante papel nos ciclos biogeoquímicos e na produtividade orgânica dos ecossistemas de água doce em decorrência de suas elevadas taxas metabólicas. Informações sobre a filtração, seu principal processo de aquisição de energia, são relevantes e ainda escassos para a região tropical. Os rotíferos da Subclasse Bdelloidea alimentam-se por filtração ou raspagem consumindo pequenos itens alimentares, como bactérias, algas, leveduras ou matéria orgânica particulada. Sabemos pouco sobre o papel que desempenham na dinâmica trófica dos habitats que ocupam e por isso o objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar em laboratório as taxas de filtração e ingestão do rotífero Philodina roseola, alimentado com Raphidocelis subcapitata. O delineamento experimental consistiu na exposição de 10 rotíferos adultos por tratamento, em cinco concentrações que variaram entre 10(4) e 10(7) cels mL-1, mantidos sob temperatura de 25 ± 1 °C. Os experimentos tiveram a duração de 1 hora e as concentrações iniciais e finais da suspensão algal foram quantificadas por contagem numérica das células em câmara de Neubauer. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre as concentrações iniciais e finais de células nos controles indicando não ter ocorrido crescimento algal. As taxas de filtração de P. roseola variaram entre 0,09 e 0,25 mL ind-1 h-1. Tendo em vista que a filtração é o principal processo de aquisição de energia de Philodina roseola, assim como dos demais rotíferos, e que está relacionada a questões importantes da dinâmica trófica dos ecossistemas aquáticos, informações adicionais são desejáveis mas necessitam, no entanto, ser ampliadas para outros tipos de alimento e para diferentes combinações de condições experimentais.

Rotifers play an important role in biogeochemical cycles and organic productivity of freshwater ecosystems due to their high metabolic rates. Information on filter feeding, their main process of energy acquisition, are relevant and still scarce for tropical regions. The rotifers of the class Bdelloidea feed by filtration or scraping consuming small food items, such as bacteria, algae, yeasts or particulate organic matter. We know little of their role in the trophic dynamics in the habitats they occupy and so the aim of this study was to quantify laboratory filtration and ingestion rates of the rotifer Philodina roseola, fed with Raphidocelis subcapitata. The experiment consisted of 10 adult exposure treatment at five concentrations approximately in the range between 10(4) and 10(7) cells mL-1, at the temperature of 25 ± 1 °C. The experiments lasted one hour and initial and final concentrations of the algal suspensions were determined by counting the number of cells in a Neubauer chamber. There were no significant differences between the initial and final concentrations of cells in the control group indicating that algal growth did not occur. Philodina roseola filtration rates varied between 0.09 and 0.25 mL ind-1 h-1. Given that filtration is the main process of energy acquisition by Philodina roseola, as well as for most other rotifers, and that it comprises important issues related to trophic dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, additional experimental information is especially important and need to be extended to other types of food and combinations of experimental conditions.

Los rotíferos desempeñan un importante papel en los ciclos biogeoquímicos y en la productividad orgánica de los ecosistemas de agua dulce como consecuencia de sus elevadas tasas metabólicas. Es relevante la información sobre la filtración, su principal proceso de adquisición de energía, la cual es todavía escasa para la región tropical. Los rotíferos de la subclase Bdelloidea se alimentan por filtración o raspaje, consumiendo pequeños elementos alimentícios, como bacterias, algas, levaduras o materia orgánica particulada. Sabemos poco del papel que desempeñan en la dinámica trófica de los hábitats que ocupan, y por eso el objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar en laboratorio las tasas de filtración e ingestión del rotífero Philodina roseola, alimentado con Raphidocelis subcapitata. El experimento consistió en la exposición de diez adultos por tratamiento en concentraciones entre 1x10(4) y 1x10(7) células mL-1 y bajo temperatura de 25±1 °C. Los experimentos tuvieron la duración de una hora y las concentraciones iniciales y finales de la suspensión algal fueron cuantificadas por conteo numérico de las células en cámara de Neubauer. No fueron encontradas diferencias significativas entre las concentraciones iniciales y finales de células en los controles, lo cual indica que no se presentó crecimiento algal. Las tasas de filtración de P. roseola variaron entre 0,09 y 0,25 mL ind-1 h-1. Teniendo en cuenta que la filtración es el principal proceso de adquisición de energía de la Philodina roseola, así como de los demás rotíferos, y que comprende cuestiones importantes relacionadas con la dinámica trófica de los ecosistemas acuáticos, es importante ampliar la información con experimentos usando otros tipos de alimento y diferentes combinaciones de las condiciones experimentales.

Effects of diuron and carbofuran pesticides in their pure and commercial forms on Paramecium caudatum: The use of protozoan in ecotoxicology.

Toxic effects of diuron and carbofuran on Paramecium caudatum were evaluated. Acute and chronic tests were conducted with diuron and carbofuran active ingredients and their commercial formulations, Diuron Nortox(®) 500 SC and Furadan(®) 350 SC, respectively. The sensitivity range of P. caudatum to reference substance sodium chloride was established. A preliminary risk assessment of diuron and carbofuran for Brazilian water bodies was performed. The tests indicated that toxicity of pure diuron and its commercial formulation was similar, while the commercial product carbofuran was more toxic than its pure form. In acute tests, readings were carried out at 2, 3, 4 and 6 h and showed an increase of mortality with increasing exposure time. The sensitivity of P. caudatum to NaCl ranged from 3.31 to 4.44 g L(-1), averaging 3.88 g L(-1). For diuron, the 6 h LC50 was 64.6 ± 3.3 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 62.4 ± 2.5 mg L(-1) for its commercial formulation. Carbofuran active ingredient was less toxic than that of diuron, presenting a 6 h LC50 of 142.0 ± 2.4 mg L(-1) for its pure form and 70.4 ± 2.2 mg L(-1) for its commercial product. Chronic tests showed that these pesticides cause significant decrease on population growth, generation number and biomass of P. caudatum. The 24 h IC50 was 7.10 ± 0.58 mg L(-1) for pure diuron, 6.78 ± 0.92 mg L(-1) for commercial diuron, 22.95 ± 3.57 mg L(-1) for pure carbofuran and 4.98 ± 0.62 mg L(-1) for commercial carbofuran. Preliminary risk assessment indicated that diuron and carbofuran present potential ecological risks for Brazilian water bodies. P. caudatum was a suitable and sensitive test organism to evaluate diuron and carbofuran toxicity to freshwater protozooplankton and, taking into account the relevant role of protozoans in aquatic environments, we strongly recommend its inclusion in ecotoxicological studies.

Influence of environmental quality of the tributaries of the Monjolinho River on the relative condition factor (Kn) of the local ichthyofauna / Influência da integridade ambiental dos afluentes do Rio Monjolinho sobre o fator de condição relativo (Kn) da ictiofauna local

The relative condition factors (Kn) of the fishes Astyanax paranae, Phalloceros harpagos and Poecilia reticulata were used as a means of assessing the influence of environmental conditions on the well-being of sub - populations of these species, with the eventual aim of using them as bioindicators of disturbance in tributary streams of the Monjolinho River, in São Carlos - SP. The power-law curve generated by the length-weight relationship indicated a positive allometric growth for the three species studied. Overall, the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) positively correlated average Kn of A. paranae with well oxygenated and oligotrophic environments, typical of conserved areas or near the natural state. For the average value of Kn obtained for Phalloceros harpagosspecies, there was no significant difference between natural and disturbed areas. However, the CCA positively correlated the mean Kn of the speciesP. reticulata from similar environments with higher trophic level, suggesting that this species is indicative of disturbance.

Os fatores de condição relativo (Kn) de Astyanax paranae, Phalloceros harpagos e Poecilia reticulata foram utilizados como ferramenta para avaliar a influência da qualidade ambiental sobre o bem estar de sub-populações destas espécies, visando utilizá-las como bioindicadoras de distúrbios em córregos afluentes do rio Monjolinho, no município de São Carlos - SP. A curva potencial gerada pela relação peso-comprimento indicou um crescimento do tipo alométrico positivo para as três espécies estudadas. No geral, a análise de correspondência canônica (CCA) correlacionou positivamente o Kn médio da espécie A. paranae com ambientes bem oxigenados e oligotróficos, característicos de áreas preservadas ou próximas do estado natural. Para o valor médio do Kn obtido para a espécie Phalloceros harpagos, não ocorreram diferenças significativas entre áreas naturais e perturbadas. Entretanto, a CCA correlacionou positivamente o Kn médio da espécie Poecilia reticulata a ambientes impactados, com maior grau de trofia, o que sugere que o fator de condição relativo desta espécie pode ser utilizado como indicador de distúrbios, neste caso, ocasionado pela poluição orgânica.

Zooplankton communities as eutrophication bioindicators in tropical reservoirs / Comunidades zooplanctônicas como bioindicadoras de eutrofização em reservatórios tropicais

Eutrophication is a process characterized by an increase in the aquatic system productivity, which causes profound changes in the structure of its communities. Owing to the high environmental sensitivity of planktonic species, the study of their communities can indicate the deterioration of the environment. The Jaguari and Jacareí reservoirs are part of the Cantareira System, supplying water to São Paulo inhabitants and that has been affected by several forms of continuous human interference. Here we analyze some properties of the zooplankton community as bioindicators of eutrophication and water quality change. In situ physical and chemical measurements were carried out, water was collected for analysis and quantitative zooplankton samples were taken at eight sites in the two reservoirs, in both seasons, dry and rainy. Species were identified and their numerical abundances and biomasses were determined and used to estimate two biological indices. The overall trophic state and zooplankton structure, the Calanoida/Cyclopoida ratio and the k-dominance curves were associated with the disturbance levels, mainly represented by nutrient river inputs and by water level fluctuations. The Jaguari Reservoir was more eutrophicated than the Jacareí Reservoir, as evidenced by the obtained indices values. The zooplankton community properties used as indicators of the reservoir trophic state were useful monitoring tools.

A eutrofização é um processo caracterizado pelo aumento da produtividade do sistema aquático, o que provoca profundas alterações na estrutura de suas comunidades. Devido è alta sensibilidade ambiental das espécies planctônicas, o estudo de suas comunidades pode indicar a deterioração do ambiente. Os reservatórios Jaguari e Jacareí são parte do Sistema Cantareira, que fornece água para os habitantes de São Paulo e que tem sido afetado por diversas formas de contínua interferência humana. Neste trabalho vamos analisar algumas propriedades da comunidade zooplanctônica como bioindicadoras de eutrofização e alteração da qualidade da água. Foram realizadas medições in situ de variáveis físicas e químicas, amostras de água foram coletadas para análises e amostras quantitativas de zooplâncton foram coletadas em oito localidades compreendendo os dois reservatórios, em duas estações, seca e chuvosa. As espécies foram identificadas e suas abundâncias numéricas e biomassas foram determinadas e utilizadas para estimar dois índices biológicos. O estado trófico e a estrututa do zooplâncton, a relação Calanoida / Cyclopoida e as curvas de k-dominância foram associados com os níveis de perturbação, representada principalmente pela entrada de nutrientes transportados pelo rio e pelas flutuações no nível da água. O Reservatório Jaguari se encontrava mais eutrofizado do que o Reservatório Jacareí, como evidenciado pelos índices obtidos. As propriedades da comunidade zooplanctônica utilizadas como indicadoras do estado trófico dos reservatórios foram úteis como ferramentas de monitoramento.

Acute and chronic toxicity of chromium and cadmium to the tropical cladoceran pseudosida ramosa and the implications for ecotoxicological studies.

In this study, the acute and chronic toxicity of the metals chromium and cadmium were tested against the tropical freshwater cladoceran Pseudosida ramosa. Acute tests showed that the 48-h LC50 of chromium was 29 µg L(-1) , while that of cadmium was 12 µg L(-1) . P. ramosa had a similar sensitivity to those of other cladoceran species cultured in the same conditions as in this study, or a higher sensitivity when water hardness was raised. Long-term chronic exposure of P. ramosa to chromium decreased maternal survival, fecundity, and fertility at a concentration of 10 µg L(-1) . For cadmium, reductions in the same endpoints were observed at a concentration of 3 µg L(-1) . Moreover, the degree of toxicity of the chromium and cadmium to P. ramosa after release of the first brood was similar to the result obtained after 21 days, using reproduction as the endpoint. Brazilian water bodies located near industrial areas already show concentrations of chromium and cadmium higher than levels causing acute and chronic toxicity to P. ramosa in our study. Many water quality criteria in tropical regions are based on ecotoxicological tests with non-native species and, consequently, this may lead to errors of interpretation when the permitted maximum levels of for each toxic substance are established. Therefore, we reinforce the idea of using native species to establish the maximum concentrations of toxic substances in water quality criteria, especially for metals, since their effects are related to water hardness, pH, and temperature specific to each region.

A search for predators and food selectivity of two native species of Hydra (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from Brazil

The Hydra is the most common representative of freshwater cnidarians. In general, it is found in freshwaters on every continent, with the exception of Antarctica. The aim of the present study is to gather biological and ecological data on aspects of two species of Hydra native to Brazil: Hydra viridissima and Hydra salmacidis. Predation and food selectivity experiments were performed to assess the possible predators and the prey preferences, respectively, of the two species. The results indicate that the two species of Hydra were not consumed by any of the predators that were tested, which are typical predators of invertebrates in freshwater: nymphs of Odonata Anisoptera and the phantom midge larvae of Chaoborus sp. (Insecta), adults of Copepoda Cyclopoida (Crustacea) and the small fish Poecilia reticulata. It was observed that the smaller Hydra, H. viridissima, positively selected the nauplii and copepodites of calanoid copepods and small cladocerans and rejected large prey, such as the adults of calanoid copepods and ostracods. The larger H. salmacidis, besides the nauplii and copepodites of the calanoid copepods and small cladocerans, also positively selected the large adults of the calanoid copepods. It can be concluded that both H. viridissima and H. salmacidis are most likely preyed on little or not preyed on at all in many freshwater bodies, as they are top predators in the food chain. At the same time, they are efficient predators, and a positive relationship was observed between the prey size and the Hydra species size. Food selectivity was related to prey size as well as other prey characteristics, such as carapace thickness and swimming efficiency.

As hidras são os representantes mais comuns dos cnidários de água doce. Em geral, estes organismos são encontrados em todos os continentes, exceto na Antártica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter informações mais aprofundadas sobre aspectos biológicos e ecológicos de duas espécies de Hydra nativas no Brasil, Hydra viridissima e Hydra salmacidis. Foram realizados experimentos de predação e seletividade alimentar para se determinar, respectivamente, os potenciais predadores e as presas preferenciais destas duas espécies. Os resultados indicaram que as duas espécies de Hydra não foram consumidas por nenhum dos predadores testados, os quais são usuais predadores de invertebrados em águas doces: ninfas de Odonata e larvas de Chaoborus sp. (Insecta), adultos de Copepoda Cyclopoida (Crustacea) e peixes da espécie Poecilia reticulata. Observou-se que H. viridissima ao se alimentar selecionou positivamente as fases jovens de copépodos calanóides e os pequenos cladóceros, e selecionou negativamente as presas grandes, como os adultos de copépodos calanóides e os ostrácodos. Já a espécie H. salmacidis, a qual apresenta um tamanho maior, além de ter preferência pelos náuplios e copepoditos de copépodos calanóides e pequenos cladóceros, também selecionou positivamente os indivíduos adultos dos copépodos calanóides. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as espécies H. viridissima e H. salmacidis provavelmente são pouco ou não são predadas em muitos ambientes naturais, sendo elas próprias os predadores de topo da cadeia alimentar nestes ambientes. Por outro lado, estes organismos são predadores eficientes e observou-se uma relação positiva entre o tamanho da espécie de Hydra e o tamanho da presa. A seletividade alimentar destas espécies esteve relacionada com o tamanho das presas, assim como com outras características, tais como a espessura da carapaça e a eficiência de natação.

Does the Lagoa do Peixe sandbar opening influence the macrophyte richness and composition in Southern Brazil wetlands?

The Lagoa do Peixe has its connection with the sea artificially opened every year at the end of winter. However, this management has been carried out without the evaluation of the impact of this opening in the aquatic biodiversity. This information is crucial for the management of the natural resources of the Lagoa do Peixe National Park, the unique Ramsar site in Southern Brazil. The following questions were analyzed: (1) Do richness and composition of aquatic macrophytes from Lagoa do Peixe floodplain varies temporarily according to the sandbar opening and closing? (2) Does the variation pattern of the macrophyte community changed according to the sandbar opening and closing? A set of eight sampling sites of 1ha were selected over the Lagoa do Peixe floodplain: four sites not influenced by the artificial sandbar opening and four sites influenced by this event, being two sites closer to the sandbar opening and the two sites distant to the sandbar opening. The samplings were carried out between November 2007 and October 2009. The results show that although the artificial sandbar breaching does not affect the aquatic macrophyte richness at the floodplain, it affects the dynamics of species composition. The hydrological variation related to this management can be the main factor of the continuous change in the species composition in the floodplain, especially in the Southern portion. In order to avoid impacts in the macrophyte conservation, the artificial sandbar opening should be considered carefully, since the area of study is one of the most important conservation units to wetland systems in Southern Brazil.

La Lagoa do Peixe, en el sur de Brasil, tiene conexión artificial con el mar, porque cada año, al final del invierno, se abre un canal con tractor. Sin embargo, esta práctica se ha levado a cabo sin la evaluación de los efectos de esta apertura en la biodiversidad acuática. Las siguientes preguntas fueron analizadas: (1) ¿Varían la riqueza y la composición de los macrófitos acuáticos de la llanura de inundación temporal de la Lagoa do Peixe según la apertura y el cierre del banco arena? (2) ¿Varía el patrón de la comunidad de macrófitos según la apertura y el cierre del banco de arena? Los resultados muestran que la eliminación artificial del banco de arena no afecta la riqueza de macrófitos acuáticos en la llanura de inundación, pero sí afecta la dinámica de la composición de especies. La variación hidrológica relacionada con la apertura puede ser el factor principal del cambio continuo en la composición de especies en la llanura de inundación, especialmente en la parte sur. Con el fin de evitar un impacto negativo en la conservación de macrófitos, la apertura del banco de arena debe considerase cuidadosamente.

Invasion of the dinoflagellate Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 at tropical reservoir and its relation to environmental variables / Invasão do dinoflagelado Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925 em um reservatório tropical e sua relação com as variáveis ambientais

Dinoflagellates of the genus Ceratium are chiefly marine but there are rare occurrences in freshwater. In this study we analyze the invasion and progressive establishment of Ceratium furcoides, an exotic species, in the Furnas Reservoir. Samples were taken at 36 points in the reservoir, during the months of March, June, September and December, 2007. Measurements of some physical and chemical variables were simultaneously performed at each site. The occurrence of C. furcoides was registered at 20 sites, with densities varying between 0.57 and 28,564,913.0 ind.m-3. Blooms of this species were recorded in points which were classified as mesotrophic, coinciding with the places receiving high amounts of untreated domestic sewage. C. furcoides density was correlated with temperature, nutrients (nitrate and nitrite) and water electric conductivity. The highest density was recorded in June when temperature was low. The presence of Ceratium furcoides in the reservoir apparently has not yet affected the reservoir water quality or other plankton communities. However, if it becomes fully established it could perhaps become a problem in the reservoir or even to spread out to other reservoirs in Rio Grande basin.

Dinoflagelados do gênero Ceratium são principalmente marinhos, porém existem raras ocorrências em água doce. Neste estudo analisamos a invasão e o estabelecimento progressivo de Ceratium furcoides, uma espécie exótica no reservatório da UHE de Furnas. Foram coletadas amostras em 36 locais em todo o reservatório durante os meses de março, junho, setembro e dezembro de 2007. Variáveis físicas e químicas foram aferidas em cada local. C. furcoides ocorreu em 20 dos 36 pontos de coleta, em densidades que variaram entre 0.57 e 28.564.913 ind.m-3. A maior densidade da espécie foi registrada na região do rio Marimbondo (G14) classificada como mesotrófica e local onde alto volume de esgoto doméstico sem tratamento é lançado diariamente. A densidade de C. furcoides foi correlacionada com os valores de temperatura, nutrientes dissolvidos (nitrato e nitrito) e com a condutividade elétrica. Até o momento do presente estudo, a presença de Ceratium furcoides no reservatório aparentemente não afetou as condições ambientais ou outras comunidades, porém, ao se tornar plenamente estabelecida poderá se transformar em um risco ecológico e até mesmo espalhar-se para outras bacias.

Checklist de Cladocera de água doce do Estado de São Paulo / Checklist of fresh-water Cladocera from São Paulo State, Brazil

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma lista atualizada das espécies de Cladocera do Estado de São Paulo com base em levantamentos anteriores e em revisão da literatura recente, a qual inclui em grande parte os estudos oriundos do Programa Biota FAPESP. Levantamentos realizados há uma década apontaram a ocorrência de 112 espécies de Cladocera no Brasil e 84 para o Estado de São Paulo. A presente revisão evidencia a ocorrência de 96 espécies deste grupo no Estado de São Paulo, o que representa um acréscimo de 15% na riqueza de espécies. Dentre os 300 corpos de água amostrados em 23 unidades de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos do Estado de São Paulo, no âmbito do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP, as unidades Mogi-Guaçu e Aguapeí são aquelas com maior riqueza de espécies, tendo sido registradas 27 espécies de Cladocera em cada. Dentre os avanços obtidos pelo Programa BIOTA/FAPESPdestacaram-se a ampla cobertura geográfica e o registro das novas ocorrências de espécies, das quais 12 são espécies nativas e 2 são espécies exóticas. Este estudo evidenciou que ainda existem importantes lacunas no conhecimento, especialmente em relação à taxonomia, pois muitas espécies que foram consideradas cosmopolitas são provavelmente um complexo de espécies, sendo necessárias revisões taxonômicas detalhadas acopladas a estudos ecológicos das espécies. Acredita-se que com a continuidade destes estudos a riqueza de espécies de Cladocera poderá aumentar consideravelmente.

In the present work an updated checklist of the species of Cladocera in the state of São Paulo is presented, based on previous check-list and a review of the recent studies which include in majority the studies developed within the BIOTA/FAPESP Program. Species inventory performed ten years ago revealed the occurrence of 112 species in Brazil and 84 species in the State of São Paulo. The present review shows the occurrence of 96 species of this group in the state of São Paulo, representing a 15% increase in the species richness. Among the 300 water bodies sampled in 23 units water resource management units (UGHRI) of São Paulo State within the scope of the BIOTA/FAPESP Program, the highest richness of Cladocera species was found in Mogi-Guaçu and Aguapeí units with 27 species recorded in each. Among the advances reached by the BIOTA/FAPESP Program it could be emphasized the wide geographic covering and the number of species recorded, with 12 new occurrences of native species and 2 exotic species as well. This study evidenced that still there are important gaps in the knowledge, particularly regarding the taxonomy, since many species regarded as cosmopolitan may be a complex of many species requiring taxonomical reviews and ecological studies of the species. It is believed that with the continuity of the studies, the richness of species of Cladocera can increase considerably.

Can rice field channels contribute to biodiversity conservation in Southern Brazilian wetlands?

Conservation of species in agroecosystems has attracted attention. Irrigation channels can improve habitats and offer conditions for freshwater species conservation. Two questions from biodiversity conservation point of view are: 1) Can the irrigated channels maintain a rich diversity of macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and amphibians over the cultivation cycle? 2) Do richness, abundance and composition of aquatic species change over the rice cultivation cycle? For this, a set of four rice field channels was randomly selected in Southern Brazilian wetlands. In each channel, six sample collection events were carried out over the rice cultivation cycle (June 2005 to June 2006). A total of 160 taxa were identified in irrigated channels, including 59 macrophyte species, 91 taxa of macroinvertebrate and 10 amphibian species. The richness and abundance of macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and amphibians did not change significantly over the rice cultivation cycle. However, the species composition of these groups in the irrigation channels varied between uncultivated and cultivated periods. Our results showed that the species diversity found in the irrigation channels, together with the permanence of water enables these man-made aquatic networks to function as important systems that can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity in regions where the wetlands were converted into rice fields. The conservation of the species in agriculture, such as rice field channels, may be an important alternative for biodiversity conservation in Southern Brazil, where more than 90% of wetland systems have already been lost and the remaining ones are still at high risk due to the expansion of rice production. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (4): 1895-1914. Epub 2011 December 01.

La conservación de especies en los agroecosistemas ha llamado la atención. Los canales de riego pueden mejorar los hábitats y ofrecer condiciones para la conservación de especies de agua dulce. Desde el punto de vista de conservación de la biodiversidad surgen dos preguntas: 1) ¿Pueden los canales de riego mantener una rica diversidad de vegetación acuática, invertebrados y anfibios en el ciclo de cultivo del arroz? 2) ¿Puede la riqueza, abundancia y composición de especies acuáticas cambiar durante el ciclo de cultivo del arroz? Para ello, en el Condado Mostardas, Brazil un grupo de cuatro canales de los campos de arroz fue seleccionado al azar. En cada canal, se llevaron a cabo seis muestreos durante el ciclo de cultivo del arroz (junio 2005 hasta junio 2006). Un total de 160 táxones fueron identificados en los canales de riego, que incluyen 59 especies de macrófitos, 91 táxones de macroinvertebrados y 10 especies de anfibios. La riqueza y la abundancia de vegetación acuática, invertebrados y anfibios no cambió significativamente durante el ciclo de cultivo del arroz. Sin embargo, la composición de las especies de estos grupos en los canales de riego varía entre períodos no cultivados y cultivados. Nuestros resultados muestran que la diversidad de especies en los canales de riego, junto con la permanencia del agua permite que estas redes acuáticas provocadas por el ser humano puedan funcionar como sistemas importantes que contribuyan con la conservación de la biodiversidad en las regiones donde los humedales se han convertido en campos de arroz. La conservación de las especies en la agricultura, tales como los campos de los canales de arroz, que pueden ser una alternativa importante para la conservación de la biodiversidad en el sur de Brasil, donde más del 90% de los sistemas de humedales ya se han perdido y los restantes aún se encuentran en alto riesgo debido a la expansión de la producción de arroz.

O estado atual do conhecimento da diversidade dos Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) nas águas doces do estado de Minas Gerais / Present knowledge on Cladocera (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) diversity of freshwaters in Minas Gerais State

O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar uma check list atualizada dos registros existentes para espécies de Cladocera nas águas doces do Estado de Minas Gerais que possa servir de base para os estudos em andamento ou estudos futuros dentro do escopo do Programa Biota Minas. O trabalho baseia-se numa extensa revisão da literatura incluindo recentes revisões taxonômicas, particularmente para alguns gêneros da família Chydoridae. O levantamento realizado evidenciou a ocorrência de 94 espécies de Cladocera, distribuídos em 88 corpos de água no estado de Minas Gerais. Estes cladóceros incluem representantes de 35 gêneros pertencentes a 7 das 8 famílias com ocorrência nas águas doces da região Neotropical. Para os Cladocera em geral, a família com maior riqueza foi a Chydoridae (Ordem Anomopoda) com um total de 47 espécies registradas, correspondendo a 50 por cento da riqueza total dos Cladocera. As demais famílias, em ordem decrescente em relação à riqueza de espécies foram Daphnidae com 16, Macrothricidae com 9, Sididae e Bosminidae com 8 espécies cada, Moinidae e Ilyocryptidae com 3 espécies cada. Em relação à ocorrência nas bacias hidrográficas do estado de Minas Gerais, os dados obtidos evidenciaram registros de espécies de cladóceros em 6 das 8 bacias principais. Contudo não há qualquer registro para as bacias dos rios Mucuri e Paraíba do Sul. Observa-se que a maior riqueza de espécies de Cladocera em algumas bacias hidrográficas como as bacias do Rio Doce com 67 espécies, e a bacia do Rio Grande com 65 espécies resulta muito provavelmente do maior número de estudos realizados nas mesmas, e que por outro lado, bacias com baixa riqueza de Cladocera como as bacias do rio Pardo (9 espécies) e do Rio Jequitinhonha (3 espécies) ou com nenhuma ocorrência registrada (bacias do rio Mucuri e do rio Paraíba do Sul) resultam de poucos, ou nenhum estudo, respectivamente. Conclui-se que há necessidade de ampliação da cobertura geográfica para amostragem de corpos de água em outras bacias, particularmente aquelas localizadas na região norte e nordeste do estado de Minas Gerais.

The aim of this work was to present the updated checklist of Cladocera species recorded in the freshwaters of Minas Gerais state that could be used as a baseline for the ongoing or future studies in the scope of the recently initiated "Biota Minas" Program. The checklist is based on extensive literature review including recent taxonomical reviews, particularly for some genera of Chydoridae. The compiled data indicated the occurrence of 94 species of Cladocera considering 88 water bodies in Minas Gerais State. They include species from 35 genera belonging to seven among eight cladoceran families with occurrence in the freshwaters of the Neotropical region. Considering the Cladocera group as a whole, the family Chydoridae (Anomopoda Order) had the highest species richness with a total of 47 species recorded, thus corresponding to 50 percent of Cladocera total richness in Minas Gerais State. Other families in decreasing order of richness were: Daphnidae with 16 species, Macrothricidae with 9, Bosminidae and Sididae with 8 species each, Moinidae and Ilyocryptidae with 3 species each. In relation to the occurrence of Cladocera in the different river basins of Minas Gerais state the data obtained encompassed registers from 6 main basins. Nevertheless, there were no records of Cladocera species for Mucuri and Paraíba do Sul river basins. It was also observed that the highest diversity of species in some river basins were probably a consequence of a higher number of studies performed at Rio Doce basin, with 67 species recorded and Rio Grande basin with 65 species. On the other hand the low number of species recorded in River Pardo basin (9 species) and River Jequitinhonha (3 species) or no record as for River Mucuri and River Paraíba do Sul basins resulted from few or none studies at all. It was concluded that there is a need to extend the coverage for other basins, particularly those located in the North and Northeast of Minas Gerais State.

The influence of environmental factors on the seasonal dynamics and composition of Rotifera in the Sapucaí River arm of Furnas Reservoir, MG, Brazil / Influência de fatores ambientais na composição e dinâmica sazonal de Rotifera no compartimento Rio Sapucaí, UHE de Furnas, MG, Brasil

Seasonal fluctuations in the dynamics of the plankton rotifer populations in an oligo-mesotrophic branch of a tropical reservoir were analyzed with respect to the possible influence of environmental conditions (physical, chemical and biological), with emphasis on biological interactions. Samples were taken monthly from August 2006 to July 2007. The well-defined climatic seasons were reflected in variations of the physical and chemical properties of the water. The zooplankton community consisted mainly of Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda, with occasional representatives of Chaoborus brasiliensis (Diptera), Ostracoda, Protozoa and Turbellaria. Rotifera was the dominant group in zooplankton community in 5 of the 12 months of the study and were represented by 35 taxa. Redundancy analysis between the rotifer population abundances and the set of environmental variables showed significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations with the chlorophyll a in the rainy season. In the dry period, predation was probably the environmental factor that had the strongest effect on rotifer populations; in particular, the density of the cyclopoid Thermocyclops decipiens showed significant (p < 0.05) negative correlations with many of the rotifer population abundances. In addition, analysis of the co-occurrence of different rotifer species indicated strong competitive interactions between populations, during the rainy period (p < 0.001). Among the biotic environmental factors analyzed, algal biomass had an important role during the rainy period and inter-rotifer competition was also significant in these months. It was probably that predation by the cyclopoid copepod Thermocyclops decipiens determined the structure and dynamics of the rotifer populations in the Sapucaí arm of the Furnas reservoir, during the dry period.

Mudanças na dinâmica sazonal dos rotíferos planctônicos em uma porção oligo-mesotrófica de um reservatório tropical foram avaliadas em relação às variáveis ambientais (físicas, químicas e biológicas). As coletas foram realizadas mensalmente de agosto de 2006 a julho de 2007. As estações climáticas foram bem definidas, refletindo em variações nas características físicas e químicas da água. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi representada pelos grupos: Rotifera, Cladocera, Copepoda, e ocasionalmente por Chaoborus brasiliensis (Diptera), Ostracoda, Protozoa e Turbellaria. Os Rotifera foram dominantes na comunidade em cinco dos 12 meses amostrados, tendo sido representados por 35 taxa. A análise de redundância entre as densidades das populações de Rotifera e as diversas variáveis ambientais indicou correlação positiva significativa (p < 0.05) com a concentração de clorofila a no período chuvoso. No período seco, provavelmente a predação foi o fator ambiental que mais influenciou estas populações, tendo sido obtida correlação negativa significativa (p < 0.05) entre a densidade da espécie Thermocyclops decipiens e a maior parte das populações de rotíferos. A análise de co-ocorrência entre as populações de rotíferos indicou fortes interações competitivas entre estas populações no período chuvoso (p < 0.001). Entre os fatores bióticos analisados a biomassa algal teve um papel importante durante o período chuvoso e a competição inter-específica entre os Rotifera também foi significativa neste período. No entanto, a predação pelo Copepoda Cyclopoida Thermocyclops decipiens foi provavelmente o que determinou a estrutura e dinâmica das populações de rotíferos no compartimento Sapucaí do reservatório de Furnas, durante o período seco.

Species richness and geographic distribution of the genera Chydorus and Pseudochydorus (Cladocera, Chydoridae) in São Paulo State / Distribuição das espécies dos gêneros Chydorus e Pseudochydorus (Cladocera, Chydoridae) no estado de São Paulo

The Chydorus and Pseudochydorus genera are widely distributed around the world. Some species of Chydorus are among the commonest anomopods and Pseudochydorus globosus, the only species of the genus, is believed cosmopolitan. This study was part of the project " Zooplanktonic biodiversity and state of degradation of continental water ecosystems in São Paulo State" , itself a part of the FAPESP/BIOTA Program - The Virtual Institute of Biodiversity (www.biotasp.org.br), the aim being to make an inventory and analyze the distribution of species of the genera Chydorus and Pseudochydorus in São Paulo State, Brazil. In total, 373 samples were collected from 223 water bodies in the Water Resources Management Units of São Paulo State, between 9/9/1999 and 8/28/2002. The sampled sites varied from small streams, rivers, ponds, lakes up to big reservoirs. Six species of the genus Chydorus and one of the genus Pseudochydorus were recorded. The most common and widely distributed species were Chydorus eurynotus and Chydorus pubescens. The species Chydorus parvireticulatus occurred only in one Water Resources Management Unit of the state, and constituted the first recorded of this species in São Paulo State.

Os gêneros Chydorus e Pseudochydorus são de ampla distribuição geográfica. Algumas espécies de Chydorus estão entre os anomópodos mais comuns e Pseudochydorus globosus, a única espécie do gênero, é considerada cosmopolita. O presente estudo está inserido no projeto " Biodiversidade zooplanctônica e o estado de degradação dos ecossistemas aquáticos continentais do estado de São Paulo" , como parte do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP - O Instituto Virtual da Biodiversidade (www.biota.org.br) e teve como objetivo o inventário e a análise da distribuição das espécies dos gêneros Chydorus e Pseudochydorus no estado de São Paulo. Foram amostrados 223 corpos de água e 373 amostras das unidades de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos do estado de São Paulo, entre 09/09/1999 e 28/08/2002. Os ambientes amostrados compreenderam desde pequenos córregos, rios, lagoas, lagos, até grandes reservatórios. Foram registradas seis espécies do gênero Chydorus e uma espécie do gênero Pseudochydorus. As espécies mais comuns e mais amplamente distribuídas foram Chydorus eurynotus e Chydorus pubescens. A espécie Chydorus parvireticulatus ocorreu em apenas uma unidade de gerenciamento recursos hídricos e constituiu o primeiro registro desta espécie no Estado de São Paulo.

Population structure and reproductive biology of Cichla kelberi (Perciformes, Cichlidae) in Lobo Reservoir, Brazil

The structure of Cichla kelberi population was characterized regarding the sex ratio, total length composition and some reproductive characteristics. The specimens were collected in two periods, from November 2002 to November 2003 and from December 2004 to May 2006. The sex ratio was significantly different than 1:1. The total length varied from 3.4 to 40.1 cm, with individuals in the shortest length classes occurring throughout the year, but with greater incidence in the warmer periods. Females and males reached similar lengths and there was no difference between the sexes regarding the length-weight relationship. The estimated values of condition factor were near the central value of 1.0 and decreased during the cooler months, coinciding with periods of lower reproductive activity. Individuals with mature or semi-spent gonads occurred from November to April, indicating that Cichla kelberi reproduces for a long period of time. The spawning is partitioned, with an average absolute fecundity of 6072 oocytes (from 5220 to 6908 oocytes). The high relative condition factor values, long reproductive period, large output of fingerlings and high fecundity are biological conditions that indicate the species is well adapted in this reservoir.

A população de Cichla kelberi foi caracterizada quanto à proporção sexual, composição em comprimento total e algumas características reprodutivas. As coletas foram realizadas em dois períodos, de novembro de 2002 a novembro de 2003 e de dezembro de 2004 a maio de 2006. A proporção sexual foi significativamente diferente de 1:1. Os comprimentos totais variaram de 3,4 a 40,1 cm sendo que a ocorrência de indivíduos nas classes de menor comprimento se deu ao longo de todo o ano, com maior incidência nos períodos mais quentes. Fêmeas e machos atingem comprimentos similares e não houve diferença entre os sexos quanto à relação peso - comprimento. Os valores do fator de condição estimados foram próximos ao valor centralizador 1.0 e apresentaram quedas nos meses mais frios, coincidindo com períodos de menor atividade reprodutiva. Indivíduos com gônadas Maduras ou Semi Esgotadas ocorreram de setembro a abril, indicando que Cichla kelberi reproduz-se por um longo período. A desova é do tipo parcelada e apresenta, em média, uma fecundidade absoluta de 6072 ovócitos (de 5220 a 6908 ovócitos). Os altos valores de fator de condição relativo, longo período reprodutivo, grande produção de larvas e fecundidade alta são condições biológicas que indicam boa adaptação da espécie neste reservatório.

Environmental quality evaluation of lakes in the Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the environmental quality of Marcelino, Pinguela, Peixoto, Palmital, Malvas and Do Passo lakes, interconnected by canals and located in the district of Osório, RS. In this context, 29 physical and chemical variables were analyzed with sampling carried out in January, May, July and October 1997 to verify the environmental quality of the system and the existence of a gradient of quality. Canonical Analysis was applied to the data of all environmental variables measured, and showed that the lakes had different characteristics as a consequence of the organic pollution received. Marcelino lake received continuous input of organic matter from the sewage treatment works in the town of Osório, whereas Peixoto, Pinguela, Palmital, Malvas and Do Passo lakes resembled other water bodies described in the region, not showing, so far, signs of degradation caused by the input of effluents. Principal Component Analysis selected environmental element were directly linked to organic pollution, that reflected sequential non-recent effects of contamination.

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade ambiental das lagoas Marcelino, Pinguela, Peixoto, Palmital, Malvas e Lagoa do Passo, ecossistemas interligados nesta seqüência por canais e localizados próximos a cidade de Osório, Rio Grande do Sul. Foram analisadas vinte e nove variáveis ambientais físicas e químicas no período de janeiro, maio, julho e outubro de 1997. Constatou-se, através de uma análise de discriminantes canônicos utilizando-se as variáveis ambientais, que as lagoas apresentaram características limnológicas diferenciadas em função do aporte dos efluentes urbanos: a lagoa Marcelino mostrou contaminação orgânica e foi separada das demais lagoas evidenciando um gradiente de qualidade ambiental. Posteriormente, uma análise de componentes principais diferenciou as estações amostrais selecionando descritores ambientais ligados diretamente com a contaminação orgânica e outros que refletem os efeitos seqüenciais e não recentes desta contaminação.

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda de uma cepa de Microcystis spp. por meio de testes com camundongos / Acute toxicity evaluation for a Microcystis spp. strain by bioassay with male swiss albino mice

Este estudo teve como objetivo complementar a caracterização da toxicidade de uma cepa de Microcystis spp., por meio de testes de toxicidade aguda com camundongos, após caracterização química preliminar de microcictinas - MCs realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector de diodo HPLC-PDA e espectrometria de massas com ionização por electrospray MS-ESI. Os testes de toxicidade aguda com camundongos demonstraram, segundo classificação proposta por Lawton et al (1994b), que a cepa tóxica testada enquadra-se no grau de elevada toxicidade com valor de DL50 24h de extrato seco menor que 100 mg/kg p.c. (peso corpóreo) (13,7 mg/kg p.c.), de DL50 24h de microcistinas totais estimada de 24,2 µg/kg p.c. e concentração de MCs no material seco maior que 1,0 µg/mg p.s. (entre 1,64 e 1,86 µg/mg p.s.).

This study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of a strain of Microcystis spp, using acute toxicity bioassays with swiss albino mice and to characterize chemically the microcistins using high efficiency liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (MS-ESI). The acute toxicity tests with mice showed that according to the classification proposed by Lawton et al (1994b), the toxic strain here tested corresponds to the degree of high toxicity with DL50 24h values for the dry extract lower than 100 mg/kg corporal weight (13,7 mg/kg corporal weight), while DL50(24h) for total microcystin - MCs concentration around 24,2 µg/kg corporal weight. and concentration of MCs in the dry material higher than 1,0 µg/mg dry weight (between 1.64 and 1.86 µg/mg d.w.).

Riqueza de espécies de Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) em duas represas do rio Tietê (São Paulo) / x

A riqueza de espécies de Oligochaeta foi investigada em duas represas construídas no curso do rio Tietê. Em cada represa foram obtidas 360 amostras de sedimento em 90 pontos de amostragem, utilizando-se uma draga Van Veen (378cm²), nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2001. No total foram examinados 12.826 exemplares de oligoquetos pertencentes a 20 espécies, 10 gêneros e 4 famílias. Naididae e Dero foram a família e o gênero com maiores riquezas de espécies, com 14 e 9 espécies, respectivamente. Do total de espécies identificadas, 6 estiveram presentes em ambas represas, sendo Branchiura sowerbyi (Tubificidae) a espécie mais abundante nestes ambientes. A análise das amostras revelou que a maioria das espécies de oligoquetos é rara e de freqüência de ocorrência acidental, evidenciando que para um melhor conhecimento da riqueza de espécies é realmente necessário um grande esforço amostral, com elevado número de pontos de amostragem.

The species richness of Oligochaeta was evaluated in two reservoirs belonging to Tietê River system, Bariri and Ponte Nova Reservoirs. 360 sediment samples were taken in each reservoir at 90 sampling stations using a Van Veen grab (378cm²), in the months January, April, July and October 2001. A total of 12.826 oligochaete specimens were collected, belonging to 20 species, 10 genera and 4 families. The family and genus with the highest species richness were Naididae and Dero, with 14 and 9 species, respectively. Among all species identified 6 occurred in both reservoirs, being Branchiura sowerbyi (Tubificidae) the most abundant species in them. The study also revealed that most Oligochaeta species are rare and have accidental occurrence, thus evidencing that for a better knowledge of species richness is actually necessary a great sampling effort including a large number of sampling points.